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Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among US adults: prevalence, predictors and clinical implications (University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2018) Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and insufficiency (VDI) are increasing at a global level Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) measurements were collected from 26,010 adults (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES) VDD, less than 50 nmol/l (20 ng ml) VDI, 50 to 75 nmol/l (20 – 25 ng ml) Prevalence VDD, 28·9% VDI, 41·4 % Adults who were black, less educated, poor, obese, physically inactive and infrequent milk consumers Obese adults, 3·09 times higher prevalence of VDD (1·80 times higher prevalence of VDI) Physically inactive adults, 2·00 times VDD (1·36 times higher prevalence of VDI) Vitamin D status in the United States, 2011–2014 Persons with higher vitamin D dietary intake or who used supplements had lower prevalences of at risk of deficiency or inadequacy. Vitamin D deficiency 2.0: an update on the current status worldwide Most studies did not meet the basic requirements of a nutrient intervention study ~40% of Europeans are vitamin D deficient, and 13% are severely deficient Vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D less than 50 nmol/L or 20 ng/ml), associated with unfavourable skeletal outcomes, including fractures and bone loss Level of more than 50 nmol/L or 20 ng/ml is, therefore, the primary treatment goal Severe vitamin D deficiency, below less than 30 nmol/L (or 12 ng/ml), dramatically increases the risk of excess mortality, infections, and many other diseases, and should be avoided whenever possible. Given its rare side effects and its relatively wide safety margin, it may be an important, inexpensive, and safe adjuvant therapy for many diseases, but future large and well-designed studies should evaluate this further. Vitamin D supplementation and incident dementia: Effects of sex, APOE, and baseline cognitive status Vitamin D exposure was associated with 40% lower dementia incidence versus no exposure. (Prospective, n = 12,388) Low vitamin D serum levels as risk factor of Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis Serum vitamin D levels, related to cognitive dysfunctions, e.g. dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease Past studies vary in results on whether vitamin D levels correlated with the development of AD. Meta-analysis, up to December 2022 AD, 75% of dementias Results 6 studies, n = 10,884 Vitamin D receptors throughout the brain Patients, vitamin D serum levels (less than 25 ng/ml), had an increased risk of developing AD, compared to more than 25 ng/ml HR: Severe deficiency (less than 10 ng/ml) having the strongest association, compared to moderate vitamin D deficiency (10–20 ng/ml). Vitamin D may promote the clearing of amyloid plaques Vitamin D also prevents cognitive dysfunction via neuroprotection, neurotrophy, neurotransmission, and neuroplasticity Potential to prevent neuroinflammation, inhibits proinflammatory cytokines In the UK during autumn and winter, everyone is advised to take a supplement containing, 10 micrograms (400 international units) of vitamin D a day
