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Numerous cultures throughout the world have an extensive history of creation myths. The Mesopotamian artefacts from the third millennium B.C. to the end of the first millennium B.C. indicate that while many of the gods were associated with natural forces, no myth particularly addressed the origins of the universe. Simply simply, it was thought that gods existed prior to the world's formation. Almost none of the Sumerian literature from the third millennium B.C. has survived. Several fragmentary tablets contain references to a time before the birth of the gods, when only the Earth (Sumerian: ki) and Heavens (Sumerian: an) existed. Even though there was no moonlight or sunlight, the land was still green and there was water beneath the surface, despite the absence of any vegetation. First-millennium B.C. Sumerian poetry gives further information. A legendary prologue opens the Sumerian story “Gilgamesh and the Underworld.“ It assumes that the universe and gods have always been and that the h
