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The average levels of radiation exposure due to the medical uses of radiation has been increasing, in particular due to increasing use of computed tomography (CT), angiography, and interventional procedures in developed countries. Interactions of ionizing radiations with molecular structures in mammalian cells induce many different types of molecular damage, which subsequently lead to a diversity of cellular responses, including cell killing, chromosomal aberrations, mutations, and cell transformation. onizing radiation deposits energy in the form of atomic and molecular ionizations and excitations from the interaction of the individual moving particles with the medium. Environmental and biological measurements of radioactivity are generally expressed as concentrations of radioactivity in soil, water, air, or tissue. The interactions of alpha, beta, and gamma radiations with matter produce positively charged ions and electrons. Radiation detectors are devices that measure this ionization and produce an obs
