Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoi (June 8 (O.S. May 27), 1837 April 6 (O.S. March 24), 1887) (Russian: Иван Николаевич Крамской) was a Russian painter and art critic. He was the intellectual leader of the Russian democratic art movement 18601880. He was originally from a poor petty-bourgeois family. From 1857 to 1863 he studied at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts; he reacted against academic art, and he was an initiator of the “revolt of fourteen“ which ended with an expulsion from the Academy of arts of its
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