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Английский язык 11 класс Урок№29 - Modals. Modals Look at the sentences and say what is common and what is different in the structures? must be at work at 8:00 if you don’t want to be fired at once! ! He isn’t at work. He must be on the way home now. could be polite! could ride a bike when you were six. So, the common thing is that all of these sentences have modals. And all the purposes of using them are different (, assumption, , ). We’ll learn how to use modals for different purposes. We’ll know the difference of purposes for using modals. We’ll study the rules of using modals. We’ll use modals in your own speech Can/ could, may/ might, must/ had to, ought to, shall/ should, will/ would have the common rules. ● don’t take –s, -ing, -ed affixes ● are followed by the bare infinitive ● come before the subject in questions and are followed by not in negations ● They don’t have tenses in the normal sense Obligation/Duty/Necessity: ● Must (past: had to) - duty and strong obligation especially when the speakers themselves have decided it ● Have to (past: had to) - strong necessity or obligation when we are made to do something under some circumstances ● Should /ought to -duty or weak obligation Absence of necessity ● Don’t have to/don’t need to/needn’t (past - didn’t have to) - something which isn’t necessary to do in the present or future ● Needn’t have done - something which wasn’t necessary to do in the past but it was done Permission/prohibition ● Can/ may (more formal) - permission ● Can’t/ mustn’t - the action is forbidden Possibility ● Can bare infinitive - theoretical possibility not for specific situations ● Could/may/might bare infinitive - possibility for specific situations ● Could/might/ would perfect infinitive - possibility in the past but it didn’t happen Ability/inability ● Can (past – could )- ability in the present and future ● Was able - ability on a specific occasion in the past Logical assumption/deduction ● Must - almost certain that it is /was true ● May/might /could - possible that it is /was true ● Can’t and couldn’t - almost certain that it is / was impossible Probability ● Will- 100% certain about the action in future ● Should / ought - 90% certain about the action Criticism ● Could /should to show critical attitude towards the action Offer/Suggestion ● Can I/Shall I…? ● Can you/ Could you/Would you…? Advice ● Should /ought to - general advice Shall - asking for advice You can use ● We use can’t or not allowed to to say that there is a rule NOT to do something: They’re not allowed to use mobiles in the exam. ● We can use mustn’t usually to explain rules or instructions. Remember, children, you mustn’t ride your bikes with the cars or you’ll be injured! ● To talk about negative rules in the past or future we use wasn’t\weren’t allowed to and won’t be allowed to. When I was a child I wasn’t allowed to stay outdoors late. ● If there is NO rule that something is necessary, we use don’t have to, NOT mustn’t. Let’s compare: 1. You don’t have to eat in this place, do as you like. (You have a choice) 2. You mustn’t eat in this place. (You have no choice, because it’s forbidden to eat in this place)
